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กันยายน 20, 2025
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กันยายน 26, 2025The Industrial Cornerstone of Pure Nickel: นิกเกิล 200 (uns n02200) ท่อโลหะผสม – ภาพรวมที่ครอบคลุม
Chapter I: Introduction—Definition, Historical Status, and Core Value of Commercially Pure Nickel
1.1 The Significance of Commercially Pure Nickel and the Genesis of Nickel 200
In today’s highly specialized and demanding industrial production environments, material performance requirements extend far beyond basic mechanical strength. When facing aggressive chemical การกร่อน, specialized electrical/thermal needs, and stringent product purity standards, ordinary metallic materials often prove inadequate. It is in this context that Nickel-Base Alloys, โดยเฉพาะ นิกเกิล 200 (uns n02200), renowned as “Commercially Pure Nickel,” have established themselves as an indispensable foundation for numerous critical industrial processes, thanks to their unique combination of high chemical purity and outstanding properties.
นิกเกิล 200 is not a new innovation; its history traces back to the 1930s, initially developed by the former International Nickel Company (Inco). It represents one of the highest purity nickel alloys commercially available, typically requiring a nickel content of ไม่น้อยกว่า \(99.0\%\). This exceptional purity endows it with a unique set of physical and chemical characteristics, notably its unmatched stability and resistance to corrosion in aggressive caustic alkaline media—a position it holds unyieldingly in the critical chemical processing sector.
Our company specializes in the R&D and manufacture of นิกเกิล 200 / UNS N02200 Nickel Alloy ท่อ. As a critical component for fluid transfer, heat exchange, และการสนับสนุนโครงสร้าง, the quality of our tubing directly determines the reliability and service life of the entire system. We recognize that manufacturing a compliant Nickel 200 tube is not merely a metal forming process; it is a systemic undertaking involving metallurgy, precision machining, การทดสอบแบบไม่ทำลาย (NDT), and stringent quality control. We provide more than just metal tubes; we offer a long-term commitment to industrial continuity, product purity, และความปลอดภัย, rooted in a deep understanding of materials science and an uncompromising pursuit of manufacturing excellence.
1.2 Key Technical Distinction: นิกเกิล 200 เทียบกับ. นิกเกิล 201 and the Temperature Boundary
Before delving into the performance specifics of Nickel 200, it is crucial to clarify the significant difference between it and its lower-carbon counterpart, นิกเกิล 201 (UNS N02201). This distinction represents a vital technical criterion for alloy selection:
- นิกเกิล 200 (uns n02200): Carbon content is controlled up to a maximum of \(0.15\%\).
- นิกเกิล 201 (UNS N02201): Carbon content is strictly controlled to be ด้านล่าง \(0.02\%\).
This seemingly minor difference in carbon content leads to a major divergence in application performance: นิกเกิล 200 is susceptible to graphitization or sensitization (intergranular carbide precipitation) when exposed to temperatures exceeding \(315^\circ \text{C}\) (\(600^\circ \text{F}\)) for extended periods, which increases its sensitivity to intergranular corrosion. ดังนั้น, **นิกเกิล 200 is primarily recommended by metallurgical engineers for service environments below \(315^\circ \text{C}\)**.
นิกเกิล 201 was specifically designed to overcome this high-temperature sensitization issue and is **suitable for environments above \(315^\circ \text{C}\)**, ensuring the material maintains its corrosive integrity at elevated operating temperatures. As a professional tube manufacturer, we meticulously control the chemical composition of raw materials and can flexibly supply either Nickel 200 or Nickel 201 based on the client’s specific operating temperature and application requirements, ensuring scientific and appropriate material selection.
Chapter II: Deep Dive into Nickel 200 Alloy Material Science: The Logic of Purity and Performance
2.1 องค์ประกอบทางเคมี: Purity as the Foundation of Performance
The core value of นิกเกิล 200 lies in its chemical purity. The high-purity nickel matrix not only guarantees its excellent corrosion resistance but also delivers unique functional physical properties, such as high electrical conductivity and ferromagnetism. โต๊ะ 1 details the primary chemical composition requirements stipulated by the UNS N02200 standard (referencing ASTM B163/B161), which serves as the mandatory benchmark for our tube production:
| ธาตุ | UNS N02200 Standard (ASTM B163/B161) Max Content (%) | Significance and Impact |
|---|---|---|
| นิกเกิล (Ni) + โคบอลต์ (ร่วม) | นาที. \(99.00\) | Ensures primary corrosion resistance, high ductility, การนำไฟฟ้า, and magnetostrictive properties. |
| คาร์บอน (C) | สูงสุด. \(0.15\) | Affects intergranular corrosion sensitivity (sensitization) ที่อุณหภูมิสูง. High C content is the key differentiator from Ni 201. |
| ทองแดง (Cu) | สูงสุด. \(0.25\) | Strictly controlled to avoid compromising pure nickel’s stability in caustic alkali solutions. |
| เหล็ก (เฟ) | สูงสุด. \(0.40\) | Impurity element, affects purity, electrical conductivity, and magnetic properties. สูง \(\ข้อความ{เฟ}\) content reduces conductivity. |
| แมงกานีส (Mn) | สูงสุด. \(0.35\) | Common deoxidizer, controlled to maintain purity and affects weldability. |
| ซิลิคอน (ศรี) | สูงสุด. \(0.35\) | Common deoxidizer, excessive content reduces ductility. |
| กำมะถัน (S) | **สูงสุด. \(0.01\)** | **Must be extremely low.** Sulfides severely impair high-temperature toughness, weldability, และความต้านทานการกัดกร่อน, easily causing hot shortness. |
| คนอื่น ๆ | สูงสุด. \(0.10\) | Control of total residual impurities to ensure overall high purity. |
โต๊ะ 1: Chemical Composition Requirements for Nickel 200 (uns n02200) ท่อโลหะผสม
2.2 คุณสมบัติทางกายภาพ: The Basis for Functional Applications
The physical properties of high-purity nickel alloy make it unique across many sectors, particularly in electrical transmission and thermodynamics. นิกเกิล 200 is ferromagnetic (below its Curie Temperature of about \(360^\circ \text{C}\)) and possesses high thermal and electrical conductivity, an advantage many other nickel-based superalloys lack.
| Physical Property | ค่าทั่วไป | หน่วย | หมายเหตุ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ความหนาแน่น | \(8.89\) | \(\ข้อความ{กรัม/ซม}^3\) | Relatively heavy, reflecting the high-density packing of nickel atoms. |
| ช่วงการหลอมละลาย | \(1435 – 1446\) | \(\ข้อความ{^\circ \text{C}}\) | High melting point, lending good thermal stability for high-temperature applications. |
| อุณหภูมิกูรี | \(360\) | \(\ข้อความ{^\circ \text{C}}\) | Exhibits ferromagnetism below this temperature. |
| Thermal Expansion Coefficient | \(13.3 \times 10^{-6}\) | \(\ข้อความ{ในขณะเดียวกัน}^{-1}\) | Average value between \(20^\circ \text{C}\) และ \(100^\circ \text{C}\). |
| การนำความร้อน | \(70.2\) | \(\ข้อความ{W/(ม}\cdot\text{ในขณะเดียวกัน)}\) | Value at \(21^\circ \text{C}\). Better than stainless steel and many Ni-Cr alloys, beneficial for heat exchange. |
| การนำไฟฟ้า | \(\approx 15 – 20\) | \(\%\) IACS | Significantly higher than most nickel alloys, approaching the conductivity of copper, ideal for electronic applications. |
| โมดูลัสความยืดหยุ่น | \(205\) | \(\ข้อความ{เกรดเฉลี่ย}\) | Reflects the material’s stiffness, comparable to steel. |
โต๊ะ 2: Typical Physical Properties of Nickel 200 ท่อโลหะผสม
2.3 คุณสมบัติทางกล: Customization through Cold Work and Annealing
As a commercially pure nickel, นิกเกิล 200 features excellent ความเหนียว and good cold-working characteristics, making it easy to perform precision cold drawing and rolling—a crucial requirement for manufacturing thin-walled, high-precision tubes. The final mechanical properties of the tube are largely dependent on its final heat treatment (เช่น., annealed or cold-drawn condition).
โต๊ะ 3 lists the general mechanical property targets for **Annealed** Nickel 200 หลอด, parameters that must be verified through tensile testing within our quality control system:
| คุณสมบัติเชิงกล | Annealed Typical Value | หน่วย | ASTM B163 Minimum Requirement (นาที) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ความแข็งแรง | \(400 – 550\) | \(\ข้อความ{MPa}\) | \(380\) |
| ความแข็งแรงให้ผลผลิต (0.2% สาขา) | \(105 – 200\) | \(\ข้อความ{MPa}\) | \(105\) |
| ยืดตัว | \(45 – 60\) | \(\%\) | \(35\) |
| ความแข็งแบบร็อกเวลล์ | \(60 – 75\) | \(\ข้อความ{HRB}\) | – |
โต๊ะ 3: Mechanical Property Targets for Nickel 200 ท่อโลหะผสม (เงื่อนไข)
Through precise control of the cold working reduction ratio and subsequent annealing process, we can tailor the tube’s final temper. ตัวอย่างเช่น, NS ดึงเย็น condition can significantly increase its Yield Strength (ถึง \(450 \ข้อความ{MPa}\) หรือมากกว่า) at the cost of some ductility, making it suitable for applications requiring higher structural strength. This precise capability to tune the final mechanical properties highlights our depth of expertise in tube manufacturing.
Chapter III: Deep Dive into the Superior Corrosion Resistance of Nickel 200
3.1 The “Corrosion King” in Caustic Alkaline Media: Core Competency
นิกเกิล 200 earns its reputation as the “Corrosion King” primarily from its unmatched resistance to corrosion in Caustic Alkalis such as Sodium Hydroxide (\(\ข้อความ{NaOH}\)) and Potassium Hydroxide (\(\ข้อความ{KOH}\)). These aggressive chemicals, even at high concentrations and temperatures, severely attack most stainless steels and Nickel-Chromium-Iron alloys.
Nickel 200’s Corrosion Resistance Mechanism: The surface of nickel rapidly forms a thin, dense, and highly stable passive oxide film (\(\ข้อความ{NiO}\)). This oxide film is chemically inert and extremely stable in strong alkaline solutions. It effectively isolates the metal substrate from the corrosive medium, providing superior, long-term corrosion protection. The stability of this passive film is the crucial factor that allows Nickel 200 to outperform other alloys.
- Caustic Soda (\(\ข้อความ{NaOH}\)) การใช้งาน: นิกเกิล 200 exhibits excellent performance in nearly all concentrations and temperatures of \(\ข้อความ{NaOH}\) solutions. In the Chlor-Alkali industry, where water is evaporated to concentrate \(\ข้อความ{NaOH}\), นิกเกิล 200 tubes are the **standard material of choice** for heating and evaporator tubes, guaranteeing long equipment life and the purity of the \(\ข้อความ{NaOH}\) ผลิตภัณฑ์.
- **Reiterating High-Temperature Limits:** The \(315^\circ \text{C}\) temperature limit is vital. For high-temperature caustic service above this threshold, we **strongly recommend** using the ultra-low carbon นิกเกิล 201 to mitigate the risk of sensitization and ensure the safety of long-term operation.
3.2 Complex Behavior in Acidic Environments and Aqueous Media
Nickel 200’s acid resistance is selective and highly dependent on the type of acid and the oxidation state of the solution:
- **Reducing Acids:** In non-oxidizing and ถูกยกเลิก solutions of Hydrochloric Acid (\(\ข้อความ{HCl}\)) and Sulfuric Acid (\(\ข้อความ{H}_2\text{ดังนั้น}_4\)), นิกเกิล 200 possesses some tolerance. The critical condition is de-aeration. The presence of even trace amounts of oxygen or oxidizing agents (เช่น \(\ข้อความ{เฟ}^{3+}\) ions) will break down the passive film formed in the reducing environment, causing a sharp increase in the corrosion rate.
- **Oxidizing Acids:** นิกเกิล 200 **is unsuitable** for strong oxidizing acids such as Nitric Acid (\(\ข้อความ{HNO}_3\)) or concentrated Sulfuric Acid. In these media, the corrosion rate is prohibitively high. Higher Cr or Mo containing alloys (เช่น \(\ข้อความ{อินโคเนล}\) หรือ \(\ข้อความ{ฮาสเตลลอย}\) อนุกรม) are typically required here.
- **Aqueous Media and Salt Water:** In neutral and alkaline salt solutions, as well as stationary or low-velocity fresh water, corrosion resistance is good. อย่างไรก็ตาม, in high-velocity seawater or in stagnant areas with deposits, the risk of บ่อ และ Crevice Corrosion increases. For applications requiring better seawater resistance, alloys with higher resistance to chloride ions, เช่น \(\ข้อความ{Ni-Cu}\) series alloys (\(\ข้อความ{โมเนล 400}\)), are often chosen.
3.3 Resistance to Dry Halogen Gases and High-Temperature Oxidation
- **Dry Halogens:** ที่อุณหภูมิสูง, นิกเกิล 200 shows good corrosion resistance in dry halogen gases such as Chlorine (\(\ข้อความ{CL}_2\)) and Fluorine (\(\ข้อความ{F}_2\)). อย่างไรก็ตาม, this requires the atmosphere to be **absolutely dry**, as the presence of moisture significantly accelerates the corrosion reaction.
- **High-Temperature Oxidation:** In dry, oxidizing air, Nickel 200’s resistance to oxidation is good, usable up to about \(1200^\circ \text{C}\). อย่างไรก็ตาม, if the environment introduces **sulfur compounds** or **reducing gases**, the high-temperature performance of the nickel-based material is severely compromised. Nickel reacts with sulfur to form low-melting-point nickel sulfides, potentially leading to **Hot Shortness**.
Chapter IV: Precision Manufacturing and Quality Assurance System for Nickel 200 ท่อ
4.1 กระบวนการผลิต: From Billet to High-Precision Seamless Tube
Our company is committed to manufacturing high-quality นิกเกิล 200 Seamless and Welded Tubes. Seamless tubes, due to their superior wall thickness uniformity, higher structural integrity, and pressure-bearing capacity, are the ideal choice for critical pressure and high-temperature applications.
4.1.1 Seamless Tube Manufacturing: The Art of Cold Working
การผลิต \(\ข้อความ{นิกเกิล 200}\) seamless tubes is a complex, multi-step cold working process demanding extreme precision:
- **Raw Material Preparation and Analysis:** Start with solid round billets (Billet) that have been strictly melted and analyzed, meeting the \(\ข้อความ{uns n02200}\) ความต้องการ. This is the first step in ensuring product purity.
- **Piercing/Hot Extrusion:** The solid billet is heated and rotary pierced or processed via extrusion to create an initial thick-walled shell.
- **Cold Drawing or Cold Rolling:** This is the **core step** for manufacturing precision Nickel 200 หลอด. Through repeated cold drawing/rolling cycles, the tube is gradually reduced in diameter and wall thickness. This process significantly improves the surface finish and dimensional accuracy while introducing **work hardening** that enhances mechanical strength.
- **Intermediate and Final Annealing:** Because Nickel 200 hardens rapidly during cold work, intermediate and final annealing are essential. **วัตถุประสงค์:** To restore the metal’s ductility, relieve internal stresses, and allow the tube to be further processed or brought to its final required softened state. **ข้อกำหนดที่สำคัญ:** Annealing must be performed in a **strictly controlled inert or hydrogen atmosphere** (เช่น., **Bright Annealing, BA**) to prevent surface oxidation and maintain a clean, high-luster finish.
- **Finishing and Surface Treatment:** After final sizing, the tubes undergo pickling or mechanical/chemical polishing to remove any residual surface oxides and contaminants, achieving the smooth surface finish (\(\ข้อความ{RA}\) ค่า) required by the customer.
4.1.2 Welded Tube Manufacturing: High-Purity Fusion
Welded tubes are formed by rolling high-purity Nickel 200 strip into a tubular shape and then using a continuous Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (\(\ข้อความ{gtaw / เทิร์น}\)) process to fuse the longitudinal seam with high purity. Welded tubes often undergo subsequent cold work and annealing to eliminate weld stresses and improve geometric dimensions. They are suitable for non-high-pressure, non-critical fluid transfer due to their cost-effectiveness and dimensional flexibility.
4.2 Stringent Quality Control and Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) ระบบ
สำหรับ \(\ข้อความ{นิกเกิล 200}\) tubes used in critical, aggressive environments, a robust Quality Control system is the lifeline ensuring product reliability. Our quality system strictly adheres to \(\ข้อความ{ISO 9001}\) and fully complies with international standards such as $\text{มาตรฐาน ASTM}$, $\ข้อความ{ASME}$, and $\text{เป็ด}$.
| Inspection Item | วิธี | QC Objective |
|---|---|---|
| **Chemical Composition** | สเปกโทรสโกปี, Wet Chemistry | Ensure \(\ข้อความ{Ni} \ge 99.0\%\) and that impurities like \(\ข้อความ{C}\) และ \(\ข้อความ{เฟ}\) meet \(\ข้อความ{uns n02200}\) มาตรฐาน. This is the first critical checkpoint. |
| **Geometric Dimensions** | CMM, Precision Laser Measurement | Strict control over OD, ความหนาของผนัง (WT), ผนึก, แสดงเป็นนิ้วหรือมิลลิเมตร, and length tolerances. |
| **Surface Defects** | ภาพการตรวจสอบ, Liquid Penetrant Test (ปตท) | Check for cracks, รอยขีดข่วน, เท่า, and delamination to ensure surface integrity. |
| **Internal Defects** | การทดสอบอัลตราโซนิก (UT), การทดสอบกระแสเอ็ดดี้ (ET) | Detect internal inclusions, ช่องว่าง, lack of weld penetration, and other hidden flaws, ensuring structural soundness. |
| **Pressure Integrity** | ทดสอบที่หยุดนิ่ง, Pneumatic Test | Verify the structural integrity and leak-tightness under specified internal pressure—mandatory for pressure vessel applications. |
| **Mechanical Properties** | การทดสอบแรงดึง, กดแบน, ทดสอบความแข็ง | Verify that tensile strength, ความแรงของอัตราผลตอบแทน, การยืดออก, and ductility meet standard requirements and custom needs. |
| **Intergranular Corrosion** | Intergranular Corrosion Test (เช่น., ASTM A262 Practice C) | Ensure no sensitization has occurred in the heat-affected zones after annealing or welding; especially critical for \(\ข้อความ{Ni} 201\). |
โต๊ะ 4: Key Quality Control and Non-Destructive Testing Items for Nickel 200 ท่อ
We provide comprehensive รายงานการทดสอบวัสดุ (MTRs) for every batch of tubes, รวมทั้ง $3.1$ หรือ \(3.2\) certificates (certified by independent third-party inspection agencies like $\text{TUV/SGS}$ เมื่อแจ้งความประสงค์), การสร้างความมั่นใจ Full Traceability from raw material to final product. This is a serious commitment to our global high-end clientele.
Chapter V: Key Industrial Applications and Economic Considerations of Nickel 200 ท่อ
5.1 Chemical and Petrochemical Industries: The Heart of Caustic Handling
This is the primary and most critical market for Nickel 200, centered on its superior resistance to caustic alkalis:
- **Caustic Soda Production:** **Evaporator Tube Bundles:** In the Chlor-Alkali industry, concentrating \(\ข้อความ{NaOH}\) solution is a core step involving high-temperature evaporation. นิกเกิล 200/201 หลอด, due to their unparalleled \(\ข้อความ{NaOH}\) ความต้านทานการกัดกร่อน, are widely used to manufacture heating and evaporator tubes, guaranteeing long equipment life and the purity of the \(\ข้อความ{NaOH}\) ผลิตภัณฑ์. **Heat Exchangers and Reactors:** Piping and equipment for transferring and processing other high-concentration alkaline chemicals, เช่น \(\ข้อความ{KOH}\).
- **Organic Processing:** นิกเกิล 200 resists mild corrosion while preventing metallic ion contamination when processing organic chemicals like fatty acids, phenols, and methanol, or during petroleum refining processes like asphalt desulfurization.
5.2 Electronics and Electrical Industries: The Value Chain of High Conductivity
High electrical conductivity is the key factor enabling Nickel 200’s role in the electronics sector, making it a high-performance conductive material:
- **Lithium Battery/Power Connections and Casings:** In high-power lithium-ion or Ni-Cd batteries, นิกเกิล 200 หลอด (or foil) are used as current leads, battery casings, or internal connectors, leveraging their low electrical resistance and excellent weldability for reliable current transmission.
- **Electro-Vacuum Devices and Heating Elements:** นิกเกิล 200 is used as structural support or electron-emitting components in vacuum tubes, cathode ray tubes, and precision resistors, capitalizing on its low evaporation rate, high melting point, and good conductivity.
5.3 Food Processing and Pharmaceutical Industries: The Ultimate Demand for Purity
In health-related industries, material corrosion products must be extremely low to prevent contamination:
- **Food-Grade Equipment:** Piping and heat exchangers used to process fatty acids, glycerin, and high-purity water. Nickel 200’s chemical stability ensures the purity of the final food product, meeting standards like $\text{FDA}$ and $\text{USP}$.
- **Pharmaceutical Synthesis:** In specific drug synthesis, distillation, and crystallization processes, นิกเกิล 200 tubes are used in reactors and transfer systems to avoid metallic ion contamination, protecting sensitive catalysts and end-products.
5.4 Economic Considerations: Total Life Cycle Cost (TLC) ข้อได้เปรียบ
Although the initial procurement cost of a nickel alloy like Nickel 200 is higher than standard stainless steel, it offers a superior Total Life Cycle Cost (\(\ข้อความ{TLC}\)) advantage in aggressive service conditions:
- **Minimizing Downtime:** In the caustic alkali industry, any unexpected equipment corrosion failure leads to costly downtime and production losses. Nickel 200’s ultra-long service life means significantly reduced frequency of maintenance and replacement, delivering economic benefits that far outweigh the initial material cost.
- **Maintaining Production Efficiency:** Its superior thermal conductivity and resistance to fouling (especially in high-concentration \(\ข้อความ{NaOH}\) เครื่องระเหย) help maintain high heat exchange efficiency over time, thereby reducing energy consumption and operational costs.
- **Reducing Contamination Risk:** In high-purity industries, a single instance of contamination can ruin an entire batch, resulting in massive economic losses. นิกเกิล 200 ensures the cleanliness of the production process and the stability of product quality, preventing hidden costs.
Chapter VI: Fabrication Guidelines for Nickel 200 ท่อ: The Essence of Engineering Practice
6.1 Welding Procedures: Ensuring Purity and Integrity
นิกเกิล 200 exhibits good weldability, but stringent procedures must be followed to prevent contamination, hot cracking, and high-temperature sensitization:
- **ความสะอาด:** **This is the cardinal rule** for welding nickel alloys. The tube surface and joint bevels must be thoroughly cleaned with stainless steel brushes and solvents before welding to remove all oil, มาตราส่วน, สี, and markings (especially low-melting-point crayon marks). Nickel alloys are highly susceptible to low-melting-point impurities like sulfur and phosphorus, which readily cause **Hot Cracking**.
- **วิธีการเชื่อม:** Recommended use of **Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (\(\ข้อความ{gtaw / เทิร์น}\))** หรือ \(\ข้อความ{MIG/GMAW}\). These methods provide inert gas shielding, minimizing oxidation and nitridation in the weld zone.
- **Filler Metal:** The most recommended filler metals for \(\ข้อความ{Ni} 200\) tubes are **\(\ข้อความ{ERNi}-1\) (AWS A5.14)** หรือ **\(\ข้อความ{Ni} 208\)**. Choosing the appropriate filler metal is critical to ensuring the weld joint possesses corrosion resistance and mechanical strength matching the base metal.
- **Post-Weld Stress Relief Annealing:** If the tube has undergone significant cold work before welding, or if there is a high concentration of stress in the weld area, **Post-Weld Stress Relief Annealing** may be considered. This reduces residual tensile stress, effectively preventing **Stress Corrosion Cracking (\(\ข้อความ{เอสซีซี}\))** in specific media like hot caustic alkalis.
6.2 Machining and Cold Forming Guidelines
Due to Nickel 200’s high ductility and relatively rapid work hardening rate, special precautions must be taken during machining and cold forming:
- **เครื่องจักรกล:** นิกเกิล 200 is somewhat sticky and tends to gall onto cutting tools. This requires using cutting parameters characterized by **high power, low speed, and high feed rates**. Use sharp, positive-rake, high-strength carbide tools, coupled with ample cutting fluid for adequate cooling and lubrication to carry away heat and prevent tool wear and material adhesion.
- **การขึ้นรูปเย็น:** Nickel 200’s excellent ductility makes it easy to perform cold forming operations such as bending, วูบวาบ, and swaging. อย่างไรก็ตาม, because it **work hardens rapidly**, for large deformation requirements (เช่น., U-bending, deep drawing), it may be necessary to perform one or more **intermediate annealing** treatments during forming to restore ductility and prevent cracking due to hardening.
Chapter VII: Standards Compliance, Custom Services, and Our Corporate Commitment
7.1 International Standards and Specification Compliance
Our manufactured Nickel 200 / UNS N02200 tubes strictly comply with the world’s major industrial standards and specifications. Adhering to these standards is not only a prerequisite for market access but also a demonstration of our commitment to product quality.
| Standard Name | คำอธิบาย | Applicable Product Form |
|---|---|---|
| **ASTM B161** | Nickel Seamless Pipe and Tube | Thick-walled piping applications, wide size range. |
| **ASTM B163** | Seamless Nickel Tube for Condensers and Heat Exchangers | Thin-walled heat exchange applications, high dimensional accuracy required. |
| **ASME SB-161** | Corresponds to ASTM B161 for Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code | Pressure vessels and piping, requires safety certification compliance. |
| **ASME SB-163** | Corresponds to ASTM B163 for Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code | Pressure vessel heat exchange applications, requires safety certification compliance. |
| **DIN / EN 2.4066** | European standard material designation for Ni 200 | European market and project applications. |
โต๊ะ 5: Major Applicable International Standards for Nickel 200 ท่อโลหะผสม
Our company possesses a complete quality management system capable of issuing Material Certificates compliant with $\text{บน 10204 3.1}$, and we can coordinate with customers to obtain certification from **Third-Party Inspection Agencies (\(3.2\)) ** to ensure the global usability and credibility of our products.
7.2 Custom Services Addressing Client-Specific Needs
We deeply understand that standard specification tubes often cannot meet the requirements of all critical operating conditions. ดังนั้น, we offer highly customized manufacturing services, working closely with clients to solve engineering challenges:
- **Extreme Customization of Dimensions and Tolerances:** We can manufacture tubes ranging from micro-tubing to large-bore pipes, with various wall thicknesses and lengths, and tighten tolerances for specific projects to meet ultra-high precision installation demands.
- **Special Temper Conditions:** Based on the client’s precise needs for strength, ความแข็ง, และเหนียว, we offer various temper conditions through customized heat treatment processes, including fully **Annealed**, **Light Cold Drawn**, or **Heavy Cold Drawn** states.
Chapter VIII: Metallurgical Extensions: จุลภาค, Failure Analysis, and Ultra-Precision Applications
8.1 The Microstructure and Performance Logic of Nickel 200 โลหะผสม
From a microscopic perspective, นิกเกิล 200 is a single-phase solid solution characterized by a **Face-Centered Cubic (\(\ข้อความ{เอฟซีซี}\)) crystal structure**.
- **FCC Structure and Ductility:** The \(\ข้อความ{เอฟซีซี}\) structure possesses multiple \(\ข้อความ{Slip Systems}\), which is the fundamental reason for \(\ข้อความ{นิกเกิล 200}\)’s excellent ductility and toughness. It allows the material to undergo plastic deformation through dislocation movement under large strains without immediate brittle fracture.
- **Work Hardening Mechanism:** Cold working (such as cold drawing) introduces a large number of **Dislocations** into the \(\ข้อความ{เอฟซีซี}\) lattice. These dislocations become entangled and impede one another, forming dislocation walls that obstruct further plastic flow. The macroscopic result is a significant increase in yield strength and hardness. ดังนั้น, by precisely controlling the cold working reduction and annealing temperature, we can accurately tune the tube’s final mechanical properties.
8.2 Ultra-Precision Applications for High-Purity Requirements
Leveraging ultra-precision cold working and surface treatment technology, we are capable of supplying specialty tubes beyond standard dimensions:
- **Micro-Tubing Technology:** Manufacturing tubes with diameters smaller than \(1 \ข้อความ{มม.}\) and wall thicknesses less than \(0.1 \ข้อความ{มม.}\). This requires multi-stage ultra-precision cold drawing and customized diamond dies, all while maintaining purity above \(99.0\%\). Micro-tubing is essential for **precision sensor protective sheaths**, **medical implantable devices**, and **micro heat exchange elements**.
- **Ultra-High Surface Finish Tubes:** Through specialized internal surface finishing (such as internal honing and **Electropolishing (\(\ข้อความ{EP}\))**), the internal surface roughness (\(\ข้อความ{RA}\)) of the tube can be reduced to the nanometer level. This ultra-smooth surface effectively prevents particle retention, microbial adhesion, and scaling within the fluid, meeting the extreme cleanliness demands of **semiconductor High-Purity Fluid Delivery** and the **biopharmaceutical** industry.
Chapter IX: Conclusion—Guaranteeing Reliability and Purity
**นิกเกิล 200 (uns n02200)** alloy tubes have established themselves as an irreplaceable foundational material across various critical industries—including chemical, อิเล็กทรอนิกส์, อาหาร, and pharmaceutical—owing to their outstanding caustic corrosion resistance, excellent electrical conductivity, good thermal stability, and favorable cold working characteristics.
บริษัท ของเรา, backed by profound metallurgical knowledge, advanced precision manufacturing technology, and a stringent quality control system, ensures that every meter of Nickel 200 tube leaving our facility meets or exceeds international standards. We are committed to providing you with:
- A Comprehensive Product Range: Covering seamless and welded forms, various sizes, and temper conditions.
- Full Traceability: Ensuring every tube batch is accompanied by complete $3.1$ / \(3.2\) certification documents.
- Expert Technical Support: Assisting you with optimal material selection and design to maximize the performance benefits of Nickel 200.
The Nickel 200 tube is more than just a metal product; it is our steadfast commitment to industrial safety, production efficiency, and product purity. We look forward to collaborating with you to advance industrial progress.
